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Biology is the wildest science because it doesn't really have normal rules. Anything that you're told always happens is generally an extreme oversimplification. Every level of the tree of life has undergone revision, including the largest level, the domains, since the entire domain of archea wasn't added until 1977. Genes can undergo what's called horizontal gene transfer so that, say, one bacterium that's passing by can just transfer some genes to another bacterium. Genes can switch on and off traits based not only on life events of a lifeform, but the life events of its parents or other ancestors. The mitochondria in the cells of our body contain their own genes, which we only inherit from our mothers -- except when we also inherit mitochondrial genes from our father. The human genome contains 8% viral DNA. Biology is full of surprises.
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I think the main threat from AI is as a means of capitalist exploitation. And this is not because AI's are even adequately good at the things these corporations want to apply them to. They're just an excuse to look good to stockholders for doing more layoffs while their product quality plummets. If AIs do ever become capable of autonomous decision-making on the level of a human (or even like, a dog or a cat), then that's a completely separate issue from what's going on at present. However, I think a lot of people are worried about current or future machines actually being able to outthink us.

But I don't think we need to worry about an AI explosion making exponentially more intelligent AI in any near future. I don't think the process by which programs like ChatGPT are made can scale in any reasonable way. If you look at the gargantuan knowledge base that ChatGPT was trained on, and you look at the conceptual basis by which the people making these programs think they can improve them, it doesn't add up.

ChatGPT is good at sounding smart--much less so at actually being smart. And the idea is to take these incredibly limited programs that have already required enormous resources to create (the combined corpus of a huge percentage of the internet and who knows how much computer hardware) and just...add more resources. The model doesn't scale. 

And not only that, but I just really, really don't think that's how brains work. I don't think that's how they evolved. And I don't think it's realistic to expect to recreate cognition by thinking we can just add more and more neurons and feed them more and more data. I think the idea of depending on the superficial similarity of neural nets to brains with neurons to eventually lead to a deeper similarity if we just keep adding more is a form of magical thinking.

It's like how we invented flight. Nature can inspire, but it's often infeasible to emulate nature precisely, and inefficient as well. Airplanes and helicoptors allow us to fly, but not by exactly imitating the flight patterns of, say, birds to do so. Birds are both more complex than necessary for flight and less efficient than our purposes call for. Airplanes don't need to flap their wings, and helicopters can employ a mechanism that doesn't even exist in any known lifeform to fly.

I don't think making a brain capable of complex thought is just about adding neurons. I think it's about adding a lot of abilities we have that our brains likely implement in unnecessarily complex ways through accidents of evolution. I think we have to be able to break cognition down and understand its component parts, truly and completely, before we can emulate it. I think we can't just make programs that are structured vaguely like brains and expect them to behave truly intelligently any more than we can make machines that are structured vaguely like wing muscles and expect them to fly for us.

I also think that the concepts that underlie the methods by which brains work are many orders of magnitude more complex than the concepts that underlie the methods by which wings work. And I think they will absolutely require a deep understanding of their mechanisms and processes to implement, which the current black box methods of implementation simply aren't compatible with.

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Do Farmed Honeybees Harm Wild Bees?

Wild pollinator numbers are decreasing worldwide. Some of the main causes for this are habitat loss, climate change, chemicals, disease, parasites and invasive species. Even though habitat loss is the leading cause for pollinator decline, the addition of farmed honey bees into their environment may be adding additional pressure. 

Wild pollinators form a crucial part of the ecosystem and we wouldn’t be able to survive without them. They not only pollinate native wild plants, but they also pollinate food crops alongside farmed honey bees; in some cases, wild pollinators are more successful. An example of this would be a stimulating buzz produced by solitary bees and bumblebees that triggers a flower to release pollen; honey bees can’t do this.

Honey bees are an invasive species to most of the world. Unfortunately, even when honey bees are farmed where they are native, they still have a negative impact on wild pollinators.

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Though the primary reason I didn't decide to become a doctor as a kid was because I thought the process to become one sounded grueling and that it would be a high stress job, I also had a strong involuntary response to discussions of the human body when I was younger and any discussion of certain parts of the body, especially the circulatory or nervous system made me nauseated.  Health classes were really a nightmare for me sometimes.  Though it was easier for me to absorb the material on my own time outside of a class setting, and I've always found it intensely interesting.  As I've gotten older I've found it easier to learn about such things, and my first reaction to any health problem is generally to look it up and try to deal with it myself.  

It's only when my research and my assessment of my symptoms points to the necessity of tests, medications, or procedures I'm unable to obtain myself that I resort to outside medical intervention.  In that case, I'll tell the doctor what my symptoms are and see what they have to say.  I almost invariably try to avoid telling them any guesses I have about the problem, not because I think I must be wrong, but because then I also get an independent professional medical opinion on what the issue is that isn't biased either for or against any of my guesses.  I also am generally aware that certain symptoms can have more than one possible cause, so getting a doctor's opinion can be useful for limiting those down.

That is what I did for the (slightly less) mysterious medical issue I am having now, and though they haven't decided on how to resolve it, the tests I've had so far have made it a bit clearer what the issue is.  This in turn has given me some ideas for actions to take myself to mitigate this unfortunate issue as best I can while I wait to see what treatment the doctor will advise.  The pain is thankfully already greatly decreased, either through one or more of the recent changes I've made in how much I sleep or exercise or one or more of the foods I've started eating more often, or through some sort of spontaneous improvement.  I'm almost certain that how terrible my sleep habits had gotten were making the problem worse, though, since the pain almost invariably tends to be worse when I'm tired.

But anyway, I find biology and medicine fascinating as well as useful, so I always try to use what knowledge I have and can find on those topics as a first line reaction to try to diagnose and treat issues myself.  At the same time, I also use that knowledge to judge when I probably won't be able to resolve a health issue myself.  Except for routine checkups, I usually only see the doctor when I have a more persistent issue like this one which does not go away in a short amount of time.  When I've only had something a short time, even if it's extremely unpleasant, I typically won't go see the doctor.  I do worry this means I may be less good at diagnosing acute emergencies in myself, but it might also just mean that I've correctly judged that past issues weren't life-threatening and would resolve on their own.  The fact that I haven't already died either means I did correctly judge those cases or that I've just been lucky so far, and I think a strong argument could be made for either of those possibilities.

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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40592-020-00116-y?error=cookies_not_supported&code=84dddb62-8052-48b3-854e-11a86fbc84a4

I advise reading the tags to decide if you want to engage with the contents below the cut or the article itself.  In the contents below, I discuss the implications of the contents of the linked article.

discussion of experimental ethics... )

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Unexpected marine organisms have been discovered deep under Antarctic ice:

Scientists find unexpected animal life far beneath Antarctica’s floating ice shelves


I have so many questions about this!  I wonder if we'll get to find out how these organisms survive in this extreme environment?  This is very exciting!

The excitement is due to these animals stationary nature.  Since they don't move, they must receive their nutrients from that location somehow.  But scientists don't think the amount of biomaterial that would fall to the seafloor in that area is sufficient to sustain them, and it doesn't look to be an area with an active hydrothermal vent, either.  But somehow they are still down there.  Just chilling.

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So this is an idle idea I may or may not expand on later, but I just wanted to get it down.  So, humans are very much not the only tool users on the planet.  There's actually a whole bunch of species that use tools, such as the great apes we are descended from, certain species of birds (eg. New Caledonian crows), and octopi, to name just a few examples.

Nevertheless, there's no mistaking the fact that humans do operate differently than other animals.  Perhaps we are capable of greater levels of abstraction.  We could say that we make more different types of tools.  But both of those sound kind of dry.  What if the way we describe our approach to the world is to say that we are adaptational bio-hackers?  Doesn't that sound cooler (yes, this is the primary reason I have chosen this term)?

Here's what I mean.  Our tools allow us to extend our abilities to do things that most animals would need to wait for genetic evolution to be able to do.  Let's start with things that are obviously biological changes, but perhaps aren't often thought of as bio-hacking.  Let's start with drugs.  Humans use drugs for both recreational and medicinal purposes, and have been doing so for millennia.  This changes the way our minds and bodies work, so it is indisputably biohacking.   What else?  Well, we can learn skills and habits through cultural transmission.  That's also biohacking.  Whether you're learning hand-to-hand combat or how to identify safe plants to eat or how to repair a broken computer, you're changing your abilities in ways that allow you to better adapt to your environment.  Surgery of any type also qualifies as a type of bio-hacking.  Attaching any kind of prothesis is biohacking, such as a prosthetic hand or leg.  Attaching a hook to replace a lost hand would be bio-hacking.  I'll note that other animals use recreational drugs on their own too, and possibly medicinal, but would need to forage for these  or be given them since they can't mass-produce them like we do  (which is done through agriculture, yet another instance of bio-hacking).  They also can learn skills and habits through cultural transmission if they are from a social species.  But they have difficulty learning that information if no individuals who know it still exist.  However, humans can record our thoughts using written language or pictures, extending our ability to communicate to other humans across vast gulfs of time and space.  Which is a form of bio-hacking, since it extends our biological abilities to communicate.  

Fake teeth because your real teeth fell out or didn't grow in?  Also biohacking.  Weapons to attack or fend off attackers like guns, spears, bows and arrow, etc? That's biohacking one's 'teeth and claws'.  Wearing clothes, makeup, tattoos, or piercings?  Biohacking one's bodily appearance and capabilities.  For example, we use different clothing not only to change our appearance, but also to adapt to different environments such as cold, heat, rain, sun, and even the vacuum of space.

Anyway, I want to consider this idea further to see if I can expand on it, but that's where I'm at with it for now.

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